Some observers have raised concerns about Mr. Trump’s stage of moral development – pointing to his behavior towards women, bullying, and lying. Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a six-stage framework for understanding moral development that has been widely accepted in the field for decades.
According to Kohlberg’s theory, children progress through various stages as they grow and gain experience with the world, but not everyone ends up at the same stage in adulthood. Pre-conventional morality is characterized by obedience solely to avoid punishment (Stage 1) and then obedience to obtain some desired self-interest (Stage 2). Most people easily progress to some form of Conventional Morality; conforming to social norms because of how they impact day to day relationships in adolescence (Stage 3), and then following rules and laws for the good of society at large in adulthood (Stage 4). Many progress to some form of Post Conventional Morality in which they understand that there are differing opinions on what is right and wrong and that laws are really a social contract based on majority decisions and the inevitable compromise (Stage 5). People at this state sometimes disobey rules if they find them to be inconsistent with their deeper values and will argue for certain laws to be changed (such as laws relating to abortion). A few people advance to a more universal ethic based not on social contracts but on principled conscience regardless of official laws or rules (Stage 6). Modern democracies are based on reasoning at Stage 5 which is known as the social contract orientation.
For those adults who have not progressed beyond the pre-conventional stages, norms, rules and laws are not viewed as a set of moral guideposts to be internalized and lived by, but rather as a set of artificial barriers that must be negotiated or circumvented on the path to personal self-interest goals ranging anywhere from driving faster to avoiding taxes and accumulating wealth. Finding creative ways around legal roadblocks requires skill, knowledge, and persistence. Gaming the system becomes a sport, and they take pride in winning. The axiom is, “It’s only cheating if you get caught”. Recall that President Narcissus claimed a one billion dollar deduction on his personal tax return due to reported real estate losses. When challenged about the legality and morality of the deduction he boasted that he had successfully navigated loopholes in the tax code which only showed how smart he is. He has no qualms about stating this publicly because he honestly does not believe it is wrong, nor can he understand why other people believe it is wrong.
President Narcissus is stuck in Stages 1 and 2 of Pre-Conventional moral development, obeying norms and laws only when he must to avoid punishment or obtain some desired self-interest. He has not achieved the law and order perspective of Stage 4 necessary to administer a complex judicial system. Further, he is incapable of Stage 5; the social contract orientation to moral reasoning that is required to participate meaningfully in the democratic process of making rules and laws for the good of society at large.
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